1 		GNU Free Documentation License
   2 		  Version 1.2, November 2002
   3 
   4 
   5  Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   6      59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
   7  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
   8  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
   9 
  10 
  11 0. PREAMBLE
  12 
  13 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
  14 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
  15 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
  16 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
  17 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
  18 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
  19 for modifications made by others.
  20 
  21 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
  22 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
  23 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
  24 license designed for free software.
  25 
  26 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
  27 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
  28 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
  29 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
  30 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
  31 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
  32 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
  33 
  34 
  35 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
  36 
  37 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
  38 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
  39 distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
  40 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
  41 work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,
  42 refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
  43 licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you
  44 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
  45 under copyright law.
  46 
  47 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
  48 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
  49 modifications and/or translated into another language.
  50 
  51 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
  52 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
  53 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
  54 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
  55 within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a
  56 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
  57 mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
  58 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
  59 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
  60 them.
  61 
  62 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
  63 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
  64 that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
  65 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
  66 allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
  67 Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
  68 Sections then there are none.
  69 
  70 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
  71 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
  72 the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
  73 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
  74 
  75 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
  76 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
  77 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
  78 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
  79 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
  80 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
  81 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
  82 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
  83 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
  84 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
  85 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
  86 of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
  87 
  88 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
  89 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
  90 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
  91 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of
  92 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats
  93 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
  94 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
  95 processing tools are not generally available, and the
  96 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
  97 processors for output purposes only.
  98 
  99 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
 100 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
 101 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
 102 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
 103 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
 104 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
 105 
 106 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
 107 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
 108 text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
 109 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
 110 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"
 111 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
 112 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
 113 
 114 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
 115 states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
 116 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
 117 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
 118 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
 119 no effect on the meaning of this License.
 120 
 121 
 122 2. VERBATIM COPYING
 123 
 124 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
 125 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
 126 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
 127 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
 128 conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
 129 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
 130 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
 131 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
 132 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
 133 
 134 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
 135 you may publicly display copies.
 136 
 137 
 138 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
 139 
 140 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
 141 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
 142 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
 143 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
 144 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
 145 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
 146 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
 147 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
 148 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
 149 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
 150 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
 151 as verbatim copying in other respects.
 152 
 153 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
 154 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
 155 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
 156 pages.
 157 
 158 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
 159 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
 160 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
 161 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
 162 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
 163 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
 164 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
 165 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
 166 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
 167 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
 168 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
 169 edition to the public.
 170 
 171 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
 172 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
 173 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
 174 
 175 
 176 4. MODIFICATIONS
 177 
 178 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
 179 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
 180 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
 181 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
 182 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
 183 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
 184 
 185 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
 186    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
 187    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
 188    of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
 189    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
 190 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
 191    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
 192    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
 193    Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
 194    unless they release you from this requirement.
 195 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
 196    Modified Version, as the publisher.
 197 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
 198 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
 199    adjacent to the other copyright notices.
 200 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
 201    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
 202    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
 203 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
 204    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
 205 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
 206 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
 207    to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
 208    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
 209    there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
 210    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
 211    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
 212    Version as stated in the previous sentence.
 213 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
 214    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
 215    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
 216    it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.
 217    You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
 218    least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
 219    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
 220 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
 221    Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
 222    the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
 223    and/or dedications given therein.
 224 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
 225    unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
 226    or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
 227 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
 228    may not be included in the Modified Version.
 229 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
 230    or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
 231 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
 232 
 233 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
 234 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
 235 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
 236 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
 237 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
 238 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
 239 
 240 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
 241 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
 242 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
 243 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
 244 standard.
 245 
 246 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
 247 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
 248 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
 249 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
 250 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
 251 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
 252 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
 253 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
 254 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
 255 
 256 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
 257 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
 258 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
 259 
 260 
 261 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
 262 
 263 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
 264 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
 265 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
 266 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
 267 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
 268 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
 269 
 270 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
 271 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
 272 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
 273 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
 274 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
 275 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
 276 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
 277 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
 278 
 279 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
 280 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
 281 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
 282 and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections
 283 Entitled "Endorsements".
 284 
 285 
 286 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
 287 
 288 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
 289 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
 290 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
 291 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
 292 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
 293 
 294 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
 295 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
 296 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
 297 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
 298 
 299 
 300 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
 301 
 302 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
 303 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
 304 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
 305 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
 306 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
 307 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
 308 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
 309 derivative works of the Document.
 310 
 311 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
 312 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
 313 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
 314 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
 315 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
 316 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
 317 aggregate.
 318 
 319 
 320 8. TRANSLATION
 321 
 322 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
 323 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
 324 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
 325 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
 326 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
 327 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
 328 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
 329 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
 330 the original English version of this License and the original versions
 331 of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
 332 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
 333 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
 334 
 335 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
 336 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
 337 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
 338 title.
 339 
 340 
 341 9. TERMINATION
 342 
 343 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
 344 as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
 345 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
 346 automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
 347 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
 348 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
 349 parties remain in full compliance.
 350 
 351 
 352 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
 353 
 354 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
 355 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
 356 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
 357 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
 358 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
 359 
 360 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
 361 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
 362 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
 363 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
 364 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
 365 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
 366 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
 367 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
 368 
 369 
 370 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
 371 
 372 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
 373 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
 374 license notices just after the title page:
 375 
 376     Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
 377     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 378     under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
 379     or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
 380     with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
 381     A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
 382     Free Documentation License".
 383 
 384 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
 385 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
 386 
 387     with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
 388     Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
 389 
 390 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
 391 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
 392 situation.
 393 
 394 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
 395 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
 396 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
 397 to permit their use in free software.